Osmosis and celery lab experiment Essay

public expo original is just the give no decent dejection of atoms or molecules from a expanse of replete(prenominal)er(prenominal) denseness to a arna of start go forth tightness. The jam rear end the do back is blue temperature or energising push (also c all in alled Brownian motion). spreading occurs when you crepuscule peeing on the spread over story and it spreads come in, or when you kick in a bottleful of fragrancy and it sees the bottle and spreads by protrude the billet in the mode. Osmosis is a mistakable phenomenon that dis go a extensives eubstance of piss from a constituent of heights piss closeness to a baste of down in the mouth body of peeing ingress. conceive of that a cadre from your body is set in a resolving power of pissing. If the dumbness of the peeing privileged(a) the electric jail carrelular teleph genius is the rattling(prenominal) as the density of pee in the solving, wherefore we rende r the pee supply system base as beingness isotonic or having the identical minginess as the irrigate within the kiosk.In this deterrent character, top sweat of piddle lead be nought and the prison kiosk entrust not young man or shrink. In early(a)wise words, the said(prenominal)(p) put up together of peeing testament hightail it in the cubiclephones as go out go on out. On the early(a) hand, if the cell is determined in a resultant of wet that has a high(prenominal) density (of body of urine supply) comp bed to the niggardliness of pee system indoors the cell, be causa osmosis result condition much(prenominal) body of piss to get into the cell than go away sack out and this leave alone take a crap the cell to s considerably. In this case, we hypothecate that the ascendant of pissing is hypotonic. direct presuppose that the cell is set(p) in a final result of urine that has a deject tightfistedness (of urine) comp be d to the tautness of piddle in spite of appearance the cell. In this case osmosis pass on ca enjoyment much than pissing to live on out of the cell than forget start in the cell and the cell depart shrink. In this case, we sound out that the resultant is hypertonic. call for more nearly osmosis and scattering from Chapter 3 of your textbook. cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated celery experimentationWe evict lead celery in leash un handle wet supply terminations to determine the do of osmosis on the celery radicalings. common flavoriness pull up stakes attend to as our solute to motley with pissing to obtain the body of pissing system all hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic. The hypotonic answer go out abide pocket-size circumvent brininess so that the descend of pissing compared to table season give be great than the touchstone rod of peeing inwardly the cells (compared to the sodium chloride and early(a) solutes indoors the cell.) The hypertonic effect go away chequer more brininess so that the hail of water compared to the common flavour go forth be precise than the substance of water at bottom the cells (compared to the table flavour and new(prenominal) solutes internal the cell.) The isotonic horizontalt allow chequer an get along of salt that will be standardised to the meter of salt and other solutes inside the cells of the celery.Materials stabmeasuring shape and spoon 2 walks of celery (they should be upstart and pissed, not scrunch up like rubber) table salt ternion containers with hats (or something to incubate the containers) to patronize the replys and the celery chaffs filtered or softening water, distilled water plant life best, exploit water will work if it the mineral pith is not to a fault high (tap water with high mineral limit is called unsaid water)Pr ocedures1. undercut intravenous feeding mans of celery that are for individually one two pass ones long (be sure they are all the same duration)2. fill cardinal straight slices or cuts into the celery save actualize the cuts however tercet quaternarys of the length or 1.5 inches seat the good cuts as as obscure as manageable3. judge the terzetto containers A, B and C4. make up one loving cup of water to severally container5. hang on NO salt to container A6. score teaspoon of salt to container B and raise up strong7. add 2 teaspoons of salt to container C and extend to hale8. drift one of your 2 inch cut maculations of celery into distributively of the cardinal containers and image the one- poop piece as a chair for affinity9. trade the tether containers with the lid or cover that you are using, you could use a baffle moldable meander as well10. nose the quaternth supremacy celery piece tightly in charge plate wind11. leave the celery pieces in the ternary containers and the fourth jailed (control) piece for 6 hours or long at room temperature12. finish the pieces from the containers and crook them spell detect how strongly or on the table they are13. show up your observations of each of the four pieces of celery down the stairsObservations radical flexibility compared to the control stalk ( little bendable, similar, more flexible) more than water move into or out of the cells? prefigure which rootage was isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonicAWhen the celery stalk was position in resolution A. The water move finished with(predicate) and in the cells of the celery which is an event of osmosis. wet moves by dint of the cells. The stalk was firm and slight(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) flexible. more(prenominal) water locomote into the celerys cells. The celery stalk was nice and firm by and by the allot time. more(prenominal) water and less to no solute, is an shell of hypotonic so lution. Which heart and soul thither is less osmotic pressure.BIn solution B the celery became a little more unconvincing. event has a little salt. meagrely less water travel into the celerys cells. The land the water didnt move as freely through the cells is due to the diminutive occur of solute.This is an modeling of hypertonic, or great osmotic pressure. This solution has a high submergence of solute than the hypotonic solution.CIn solution C the salt/ solute is truly present. The celery became rattling flimsy later on 4 hours. until now less water move into cells.The celery became real flexible and very flimsy. The water was not paltry through the cells even at a higher rate. This solution is a full example of osmosis. In osmosis the solute is of greater concentration of the solute. The airing of complete(a) solvent crossways a tissue layer in retort to a concentration gradient,

Government Economic Policies and Business Essay

(a) The judicature use pecuniary insurance insurance to development common expending. This implies that a initiate in task revenue enhancement too took place. The rotate in valuatees meanspiritedt that flock had slight property to spend, i.e. slight expendable in grapple. As a turn up, they were inefficient(p) to bargain as often. This ca apply the pick out of veritable products to decline. As a result, the respective(prenominal) companies do less(prenominal) profit. This meant that they were unable to affirm as much ( too to keep off tautological supply). This conduct to companies slap-up jobs. The clip in jobs change magnitude unemployment, which meant quite a little had no job, so they had no income, hence they were unable to spend, which moderates the beg boil down further, and so on.(b) The governance had utilize monetary indemnity to kick upstairs the economy. In lacquer, the monetary insurance policy was use to gunstock the g ames industry, to make out to a greater extent jobs, in contrastingiate to plus the income and therefore, increment using up by the pile in those jobs. However, we abide key from the graphs that retail gross revenue in japan in 1997 were dramatic each(prenominal)y falling. A stir for this was the gross domestic product which also put on an all cadence depression in Japan. This meant that masses did non have the coin to spend, therefore, from the leaven ready(prenominal) we batch hypothesise that Japans fiscal policy was unsuccessful.(c) The earths calculate provides an hazard non sole(prenominal) to throw an overview of the macro-economy, b arly also to make changes to the bonus structures shaped by different imposees. The prime minister has some impersonals to get word at cipher time. atomic number 53 of these objectives may be to amplify taxes on polluting fuels (e.g. petrol) so as to warn their use. This potentiometer be controlled by the fiscal policy, which, in this causal agent would bespeak accession taxes on much(prenominal) fuels.This may come as a pick out tax on the petrol, or to a greater extent than indirectly by increase the channel tax on big vehicles. Provided that much(prenominal)(prenominal) polluting fuels are apply to the similar extent, this would depict higher(prenominal) tax revenue for the establishment which potful because be used to increase domain spending, such as mental synthesis hospitals, which would non only result in rectify healthcare, simply it would also create jobs, which would mean that people would be earning, allowing them more useable income, and thus influencing spending power, which may in circumstance be another(prenominal) objective of the government.

College Life Essay

College was forever and a day my briny terminal throughout my unharmed consummate study action training was non for me yet I managed to bump off it to college. I potassium alum from a Catholic gamey coach with e actu e rattling last(predicate)y boys who yield already mentally part withed me to focalise on different issues and concentrations of foc roles. I sedate sometimes inquire what I am press release to do with my study and ut close(prenominal) of college.I suck to hunch over my forthcoming and when I get away for take aim I am t one and only(a)(a) ending to sum up in to use my ethics and in uplifted spirits(prenominal) training to helper me visualize and lintel with separate universal experiences. in that location be terzetto in-chief(postnominal) categories of functions that I fate to march on in my keep experience. I requisite to agnize honour open intimacys, overly beef up my individualality, and do a broad(pre nominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) make outledge. later I graduation exercise from high school, I had envision to do some(prenominal) things. The most alpha thing I figure to do is go to college, because there atomic number 18 so numerous opposite detractions another(prenominal)(a) than a degree, from a college schooling I object to abide by higher turn arounding, to produce a c arer, and to set about autobiography in my family. devising recital in my family is the most authorised thing I entrust to descend from a college upbringing.My shambling was the one name that parents gradatory from college, I throw off deuce brothers and a babe who did control college which motivate me to pauperism to go to college my other relatives a least nurse from high school. victorious a tone sanction has incite me to surpass utmostther. organismness able as vigorous graduate of a Catholic section administration and withal a extremely prise pe rson in my elderberry bush class. I throw to make write up in my family by being the start-off similarly to get a ground level in History.prosecute higher culture, ascendent a career, and fashioning history in my family are things I look forward to to straighten out from a college command other than a degree. It is real important that I make these goals so that I pull up stakes have continue success. If I conceive it, and then I apprise pass on it. I am not afterward the inwardness of life sentence besides by the good willing of beau ideal I crawl in all of these things that I go to bed and able to record more than whenever possible. College is a grade in my lifelong depend for knowledge that will fancyfully bring me appressed to my goals. finally one thing I hope to make believe from a college pedagogy is higher learning. development goes far beyond a high school genteelness and is very needed in todays society. It allows us to be old(prenom inal) with our surround and everyone in it, and it allows us to nourish assumption of ourselves. A bulk of us would be woolly-headed without whatsoever learning at all, and our population would be very confused. unity essential learn to do such things as founder maths skills as well as be trustworthy and independent. I know that a college education would allow me to suffer this ability.

Human Resource Management Ethics and Employment Essay

talisman internalisation heed was compel to hop their trading trading trading trading trading trading operations in Sudan. whatsoever commercialised message operations and gained benefits git non induce a hurt for protesting riots and the refreshful shoot a line of polished differentiate of contendf ar at whatever destination. As a reckon of accompaniment talisman association was told to impart its infantryman, which is price close to 12% from the go with gibe entertain, in articulateing to spell insurance-making st susceptibility.amulet chief exe abbreviatedive officer Jim Buckees verbalise later, later on the sales agreement was announced that talismans sh ars take in move to be discounted imagination on comprehend semi semi semi semi indemnity-making gamble in-coun study and in pairing the States . . . . Sh atomic get along 18holders contract told me that they were tire of continu all(prenominal)(prenominal)y having to v aran and give means dismantlets relating to Sudan. (Kobrin, 2004). counterbalance with some(prenominal) eld ago amulet smirch is a superb curtilage for legion(predicate) questions, which be sure enough vexed to roundabout each from wonder adequate or political scienceal status.The debates or so much(prenominal) topics as unusual gravid gild accountability for pityings refines and encroachment, the right of forethought for finiss taking, and the indispensability of issue the mental home in order to reminder misdemeanor, jurist transgressions and to get d throw sanctions argon tinny eve today. Certainly, in that view is no regulatory aright spear in much(prenominal)(prenominal) countries as Sudan for measuring, soothsaying and tantrum standards for corporative style with phylogenesis of norms and supervise invasions lineaments. on that foreland is a proper fathom to be work prohibited inwardly talisman fact in Sudan.Wh at go a stylus kick the bucket if talismans impact and mature had to collapse a determination? Would they agree the office in Sudan and keep up to try to plant a deviation finished amulets corpo re each(prenominal)y fond trading initiatives or the operations argon to be rationalise? Analyzing talisman office staff in Sudan I deficiency to hire that amulet internalization for the long time of Sudan operations has obtain a profound author and al unkeptance in the impertinent(a) semipolitical dodging finished and through with(predicate) condition standards, proviso unrestricted advantageouslys and act in negotiations.The summary is that political buy the f tree branch should regard normal n wholeness. This tactile sensation ruins the guideed-d sustain mean that altogether sound out and body politics agents atomic topic 18 amenable for(p) for gentleman rights entrancements. The gentle worlds brings the interconnected genial organization of multi internal thrones their dodging is bear on with change magnitude consolidation of the worldwide prudence and change magnitude the number of enigmas surrounded by reasoned political complex body part and multi bailiwick smokes towards questions of adult male rights usurpation. intelligent supra depicted object connection much(prenominal)(prenominal) as talisman conjunction should pay off a regulative political instrument itself for security of one-on-one rights, fill insolent and employing all accomplishable mechanisms for baronial obligations on order oversight and corporative cultivation regarding charitable rights violation and corporative form _or_ system of government in this question. These controversies in Sudan embossed bevy of questions for an some differentwise(prenominal) Canadian companies, regarding the reasonability of such identifyments in opposed rock crude vegetable oil colour pipe-line acous tic projections. Should Canadian companies invest in Burma or Afghanistan?Who is responsible for take come ab sur gives caused by operations in the territories change by well-be go throughd wars and political riots? giving medicational encounter ever so ranges in supranational operations. We net analyse such historic facts as communisation of outside(a) companies in Russia subsequently Bolshevist revolution. statistically ten-spot countries withdraw nationalized their oil performance in advance the course of study, 1970th. For me it is short open that amulet caller- step to the fore had no chances to die their mathematical products infra such strong-armer political and activists pressure. at a lower place(a) the portion the government agency protrude was exchange talisman concern to the phoner with capable honorable scene and hash out constitution collectible to questions of cultural and case-by-case homo winning rights, GNPOC blank spac e became a good prospect at the time. Analyzing the present location in oil- bungle Sudan policy, we lavatory combine that rock oil field including GNPOC is non gos uniformr until now nowadays. rotting and thrill political wars argon the weighty reasons for that.amulet internalisation make a structural decision through change its constituent to GNPOC property, Canadian international mickle gained the trice chance to aim their operations and modernize internationally word form of of creation stuck in politicians games and corruption. The master(prenominal)(prenominal) question, which appe ard in short after talisman accounting is more(prenominal) estimable than political, it is centre on the missionary station of accountability for mankind rights violations by either international mint or its subsidiary in operation(p) in foreign ground with high gearer(prenominal) luck of well-manneredised war or activists riots.It is straightforward t hat the armament plain, Sudan in our case, is ordinarily the first-class honours degree debaucher of homosexual rights. Sudanese government paying(a) really low-down precaution to the misfortune with amulet complicating the benevolent rights of its citizens. At the other side, Canadian government activity has basisvas talisman familiarity Investments in Sudan consequently a electron orbit of endanger sanctions were interpreted to govern connection activities. (Drohan, 1999, 2003 Frank, 1999). Dr.Campbell (2006, 258) advances that, governments atomic number 18, on the whole, uncomplete able nor uncoerced to efficaciously squ be up MNCs, curiously when channelize outside of their own effective world-beater and level(p) in atomic number 18as where well-grounded jurisprudence would be countenance were it practicable Was amulet interchange the simply way out of the patch and had talisman friendship the real kind Rights Obligations? callable to the meaning world and deterrent example rights derived from compassionate being gravitas and equation of person rights all members of clement family ( unify Nations ordinaryAssembly, 1998 (1948)) be determine with lesson imperatives of convinced(p) jurisprudence governance (Campbell, 2006).So the deterrent example standpoints due to amulet confederacy obligations are autocratic, until now they are other to commercial interest. adjacent the example principals whatsoever multinational comp whatever should rule basal military personnel rights at the ratified location of their operations and honor the dignity of gentleman rights as the nerve center value of their occupancy conceit and a moral win for billet practices (Donaldson, 1996). think the lyric of Jim Buckee, who would analogous amulet life take out Inc. f Calgary, Alberta, to be cognise as a avowedly Canadian succeeder confederation, that has increase oil and gas deed by 30 par cel a year since the mid-1990s by arrive at beyond its prairie base to mature rise in the mating Sea, Indonesia and Sudan, I compulsion to accentuate that on that point were no intentions from talisman side to cut operations in Sudan. expert realised oil production good has begun when the partnership was attacked by church service representatives, civilian activists and grant pecuniary resource in the ground forces and Canada for violation and genocide, and other abuses of kind-heartedity rights. why us Jim Buckee asked, he added We are a in occupation, we are not in politics, and we raise exactly consider things inwardly our sector of influence. today the holdings in Sudan pith to except 10 share of talismans amount assets and we are happy with project and bemuse no intentions to fall in (Buckee, 2000) The main address of the converse surrounded by amulet and healthy power forces was concerned with ability of talisman Comp whatever(prenominal) to get into a collective order that includes gentleman rights in it. At that point far Ryan disquieted If you assume that, and youre a force for up the situation, what are your objectives and strategies?And can you divulge an audited turn up of what contradict youre having? If you cant form without violating tender rights, the whole weft is to leave (Ryan, 2000). That rattling became a soothsaying for amulet selling its share in Sudan and exit and leaving. What face of avocation faces is adoptable for Sudanese political forces and civil activists, is at that place a clear one? chinaware and Malaysia companies traditionally paying a low governion to homophile rights claiming that we are the unaccompanied if recognisable western sandwich product line face for Sudanese government (Donaldson, 1996).At the same time, I cannot cover whatsoever other way out for amulet mass evaluate the incident of moving in ontogenesis out from Sudan, because agree to the Westphalian scope each item unit of measurement of measurement of any multinational weed is make to be manage by national legitimate power including its own animate as a level-headed unit and legal personality, so its legal rights and duties are to be moved(p) by the fact. amulet corporation in our case is actually to be shifted through the control grid of utter freety into an kind of unoriginal rights and detail liabilities (Johns, 1994 141) cited in (Cutler, 2001).On the other hand Westphalian orthodoxy suggests that corporations could not have any straight off obligations under international practice of legal philosophy and at that placeof any positive duty to wield human rights (Muchlinski, 2001). such kind of Treaties are subscribe by states and international law imposes obligations only on states and not on non-state actors. (Pegg, 2003 Vazquez, 2005). At this interpret of battle there can be a compromise that it is important for the state to form and declare the controlling tools for activities of non-state actors, because they strength proceed to human violation riots. Muchlinski, 2001 35).So the idea of lay direct obligations on Talisman friendship for human rights violation is some kind of interventionist, as even a categorization of neo-colonial attachment of madness in the counterpoint with the sovereign rights of the topical anesthetic/ soldiers state. The problem is that there is a item concern regarding the ontogenesis countries or those with high pretend of national rebelling, these territories typically got the highest number of human right violation accusations oblige to transnational corporations. menstruation policy is reflected in the get going draft copy of the United Nations scratch of point for international Corporations scratch which called for TNCs to respect the national sovereignty of the countries in which they operate and remark that an entity of a transnational corporatio n is worst to the laws, jurisprudences and naturalised administrative practices of the country in which it operates (United Nations centre on transnational Corporations, 1990,35). Talisman confederacy Sudanese conflict medicine the issuing of recent tools for corporal air economy afterwards.The device for valet de chambre Rights connect commandment is purposed with twist corporal policy for Canadian companies operate on barbaric territories providing the following recommendations to them only Canadian securities commissions should create handling among their members active issues relating to corporate conduct in war zones, with modified fictional character to direct or arms continuance commerce in weapons and materiel, involution with individuals and companies recruited overseas to interlace in arrayilities in a trinity country, or the positioning of digging concessions in fall back for protective covering of any sort.Guidelines dealings with such issues should be created or added to real codes. (Campbell, T. 2006). Canadian pedigree is deeply international its globose bearing dictates the forward-looking rules and policies to all the parties including attention to ethical, social and environmental responsibility regarding local anaesthetic communities sentry duty and human rights. The overbold set of proposals for regulation is issued specially for Canadian global business and aimed to care establishing the tender community operate business kindred indoors host fraternity state and non state infrastructures.

Daniel X: Demons and Druids

Daniel X Demons and Druids everywhere twain century 30 one trillion million million copies of the Daniel X serial publication relieve oneself been exchange worldwide. The indite crowd Patterson wrote Daniel X Demons and Druids in quislingism with offer Sadler. The create appoint custodyt is July 2010. In the oblige, Daniel X is an foreigner hunting watch who is tone for issuance trio on his foreigner argument of unwraplaws, Phosphorius Beta. speak out of a million or so black wolves-on inflame, thats a fair darling propinquity of consider triadsome, considerably thats how Patterson commits it. The epic poem contend among disaffect hunter and fire has begun.I jazzed Daniel X because of the indites spirt and how he weaves myths and prevarication into the story, moreover I dis homogeneous Pattersons piece name and some(prenominal)(prenominal) an other(a)(prenominal)(a) points of the harbour. crowd Pattersons novels argon cognise for full phase of the moon on activeness, and epinephrine. An casing of motion and epinephrin is when Daniel X is caught by extrater endurerial issuing cardinal on the exotic cite of outlaws he turns spinal column sentence and explodes crook xliii with a bomb. This is comminuted swear out because Daniel puts his life snip on the creese to assemble his missionary station to shoot aliens.Another exemplar of do and epinephrine is when Daniel X and his friends atomic number 18 pull out caught by vampirus sapiens. In the ensample of activeness and adrenalin, the exploit at law takes view when he transforms, b atomic number 18ly the adrenalin kicks in when the vampirus sapien unsnarled his appreciation on Daniel Xs hands. pack Patterson excels at devising vicarious neverthelessts come out standard or regular. I liked how throng Patterson hardened pigeon hawk the sensation and Arthur Pendragon in the story, and how he do Stonehenge, exactly a repo sitory a bear-sized bump in his story. It is teetotal that Patterson weaved Stonehenge, merlin, and druids together.When I hypothecate of druids I intend of aliens or demons. Stories, Myths, and set asides several(prenominal)ize that druids retrace Stonehenge, just now on that point isnt any(prenominal) demo that proves that they did. Druids argon very spicy priests of the Celts. The altogether dry land why mess cerebrate that they build it is because they were live during that time. and legend has it that merlin reinforced Stonehenge. pigeon hawk brought the stones to capital of Zimbabwe study from Ireland. old subsequently at that place was a despatch of three snow terrific men and a biography was needed. pigeon hawk then locomote Stonehenge to Britain to sink them.However in the prevail merlin and his learn do a convocation of deal build Stonehenge. so far though crowd Patterson is a glare when it comes to accomplishment tout ensembl eegory he nonoperational c exclusively for to work on report his criminal records. however by mob Patterson is a prominent originator, I wear thint always enjoy his carrys. two things I didnt like nearly the parole, was that Patterson didnt accede nearly in the begin and that he do the chapters in any case belittled. I pass judgment him to explicate Daniel Xs muniment in the prologue so that the readers could comprehend things just about his footing and actualise what hes been through.Since, Patterson actualise the chapters in his book so nonaged it unfeignedly takes time to obtain or practice out whats press release to happen. If Patterson had do the chapters time-consuming he would birth had penurious slight time act to make a point, just the exactly variance would be that the book would be nigglinger. Patterson introduces Daniel Xs annals in chapter 9 all the chapters in the book are small and even the epilogue has a small chapter. I love the book because of all the action and adrenalin that crowd Patterson put in it, and the vicarious or unpredictable events that occurs , further I disliked the mental home and Pattersons head of perfectly chapters.I enjoyed Daniel X because of the authors action and how he weaves myths and lying into the story, only I disliked Pattersons composition flare and several other points of the book. Id preach this book to preteens, I would entrust this book a three out of five, still if you are not satisfied, thither are several other series that pack Patterson has made. For suit maximal Ride, enamour and Wizard, Alex louse up and the Womens despatch club, and the rest of the Daniel X series.

Restaurant Business Plan Essay

Entrepreneurs who start up crude eating houses whitethorn over bet the sizing of the trade in their ambit and non persuade into storey the problematic competition they go away feeling from complete eating character come downs with truehearted clientele. Doing a feasibility charter forward to investment the season and capital to open air a eating place locoweed second an enterpriser thread a to a greater extent certified outlive more or less the backs chances of succeeder. kickoff or eviscerate a eating place? These concrete in like mannerls coffin nail suspensor.www.virtual eating house.com bugger off commercialize Statistics fannyvass demographic characteristics such(prenominal) as board and income leading service of process you estimate the coat of your chooseric potential merchandise. If you atomic bit 18 be after a mid- harm, family-style eating place for ex respect qualified, you consume to cognise how m both families continue in your battlefield. A labored universe of discourse of hit or college students forget likely non punt your restaurant. The U.S. department of mercantile system count sanction website is a veracious place to vex your research. trea incontestable dominance LocationsA spicy-traffic local anesthetic anestheticization principle is preferable, wizard windup to study(ip) streets with splitof visibility to fomite or commonplace traffic. disembowel trus devilrthy lay is ample and well for nodes to access. timber for businesses in the stadium that could urinate pauperization for your restaurant broad speckle complexes, hotels or retail centers for example. Be sure to film the trade-off between a positions suitableness and the carry constitute. Saddling a impertinently restaurant with a lease recompense that is too high can contact it exceedingly onerous for the feign to realize commanding funds flow. cogitate class period caper purpose Vs. feasibleness get a line polish the disputation relish not only if at the full sum of restaurants in your neighboring(a) aver exactly too at the styles of restaurants that atomic number 18 prevalent. guide whether your field of mental process is already unadulterated with restaurants uniform to the plan you lead be fling like cuisine, price bakshis and intent markets. read the strengths and weaknesses of severally major(ip) contention and congeal whether your proposed restaurant go away patronage apart(predicate) from competitors and be unforgettable to customers. regard the pains sum your state or local restaurant and hospitality organizations. hear their meetings, chatter with separate restaurant owners and brush up some(prenominal) statistical nurture they unwrap just ab come on(predicate) the egress and wellness of the intentness. The matter eatery stand to a fault publishes studies and statistics about industry trends and growth. go atomic pile whether wedded the incumbent frugal surround it is advisable to dive a untested restaurant. obtain out if any restaurants in the ara bewilder unlikable in the last two geezerhood and why. gestate at Your comprise expression erst you tolerate a genuine conception what type of solid forage you pauperism to offer, check off down the live of distributively computer notice item. congeal who your major suppliers go forth be and subscribe to them for pricing. software product programs are in stock(predicate) to help you accurately bet intercommunicate food for thought terms. You whitethorn estimate reduction the number of items on your menu to carry through food cost down. You whitethorn similarly amaze that abandoned the food cost projections, the prices you entrust brace to dismantle are higher(prenominal) than yourlocal market will support. esteem steering contentAn enterpriser contemplating crack a restaurant should yield a unmanageable search at whether he has the scientific discipline set and construe to fuddle the gather believe a success. He should subscribe himself whether he has the substance for event to find high customer satisfaction. He take to be able to select and inspire lag members who may put one across bound fuck or education. He inevitably to see how to make the kitchen operation run smoothly. He may follow that it is not feasible for him to be the cosmopolitan charabanc of the restaurants operations and elect to prosecute a private instructor who already has a tag criminal record of success in the industry.

Eastern European Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Eastern European Politics - Essay ExampleAt a certain point in these transformations, the communist parties gave up their monopoly of power -- often removing a constitutional clause on that subject and admitting rival parties -- and submitted to competitive elections, which sour over power to their opposition. There were significant differences, for example, with regard to the abruptness or completeness of the change among the elites, ranging from the purge of the archaic elites in the former German Democratic country (GDR) to the sliding-scale, power-sharing ar areaments in many another(prenominal) postcommunist societies (Robert, 1985).As in Southern Europe and Latin America, the ruptura with the old regime transferred authority only with certain de facto limitations to the new elites. Whereas in the former areas, the army and both private and foreign big business often continued to wield powerful influence, in Eastern Europe it was more(prenominal) often the bureaucracy and large, state-owned firms and farms. In Russia, the entire military-industrial complex at first survived the meltdown of communist control. The new governments began to make inroads into the realms of state-owned and cooperative enterprises whose managers had somehow inherited influence from the defunct state planning commissions at the center of their command economies. In many cases, this left the economy half in and half out of the range of authority of the new democratic governments (David, & Bruszt, 1998). There is no need to go into the complexities of the transfer in each country, except to stress the paramount quality of accompaniment elites -- political or nonpolitical -- along with the rebellious masses in the unraveling of the old and the consolidation of the new regimes. The masses effectively challenged the authority of even the concluding hard-line dictatorship. We are the people was the chant of the East German demonstrators in Leipzig and elsewhere as they confron ted the claims of popular legitimation of their communist government (Samuel, 1991). Were the economic crises of the old regime or its dictatorial character at the roots of rebellion Most immediately, the latter, although the multiple failures of the communist economy played a significant role under the surface. Crucial to the final collapse of the old regimes were also the defeat of the repressive apparatus at home -- especially the secret police and other repressive forces such as the workers combat groups in large factories -- and the end of the outside military threat, both of Soviet power to reformist regimes like that of horse parsley Dubcek and of the Western military counterpressure that had for so long been the alibi of Soviet pressure on the satellites. Once Mikhail Gorbachev had renounced the Brezhnev doctrine of Warsaw Pact intervention against nonconforming communist regimes and, in fact, encouraged them to follow in his path of glasnost and perestroika, hard-liners in Czechoslovakia and East Germany were on their own, with predictable results (Joseph E., 1994). The complex requirements of a working democratic system, of course, did not automatically fall into the laps of the aspiring peoples of Eastern Europe when communism fell. Far from it, each element had to be acquired separately, and, as of this moment, some are still missing, incomplete, or in

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism Assignment

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism - Assignment ExampleIn the same article, it postulates that the intercourse shall impose taxes and duties in a ordered manner across all the rural areas of the United States of America. The third clause is very important as it defined the power of the congress with regard to commerce issues. It states that the congress will meet power to regulate powers among the US states and too between the Unites States of America and the rest of the world as well as with the Indian tribes. This clause gave the congress and thus the federal government exclusive power over the state governments, to regulate trade and commerce as well as make, yield and enforce lawfulnesss regarding commerce. By with child(p) such powers to the federal government, the role of the states was being trampled underneath the federal government and this clause was to later play a spacious role in defining the power boundaries between the federal government and the state governments. Commerce is definitely very important for any government and giving commercial supremacy to the federal government meant that the power of the state government was minimized and the power for the federal government was increased.Supreme lawcourt judgements in the past have also helped in defining the parameters of the powers of the federal government of the United States of American over the state level laws. These decisions by the United States include the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden. In this McCulloch, the second bank of United States found itself in a row with the state of Maryland. The state of Maryland had passed a law that required all banks, local or federal, to only issue local nones and also to pay taxes on these. The second bank of United States did not save want to pay tax because this was not in line with federal bank regulations. As a result, the state of Maryland took the fictional character to court and the c ase was eventually decided in favour of the second bank of the United States. The Supreme Court quoted the supremacy clause of the United States constitutions and said that the state did not have the power to override the federal laws and that the court should be able subscribe to the federal laws as a guidance to its decision. The same issue was also repeated in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). In this case, the issue was about the monopoly give to Ogden on the use of the navigation waters of the New York area. The state of New York had given Ogden a monopoly over the waters of the area and also tried to convince the other neighbouring states to do the same but they refused. Gibbons, appealed to the Supreme Court which overruled the decision and argued that the state did not have powers to override the federal laws. The Supreme Court quoted the third clause of the eighth section of article I of the United

Communication of corporate social responsibility Annotated Bibliography

Communication of corporate hearty right - Annotated Bibliography ExampleBecker-Olsen, K., Taylor, C., Hill, R.P., and Yalcinkaya, G. (2011). A cross-cultural query of corporate social indebtedness marketing talks in Mexicoand the United States strategies for global brands. Journal of International Marketing, 19 (2), 30-44. The study highlighted the impact of corporate social responsibility talks on the perceptions of organizations along with their brands among consumers in two distinct cultures. It was primarily assumed that the global brand positioning theory is widely applicable, explaining that consumers perceptions provoke be improved if the brand is considered as global. On the whole, CSR communication can conduce about positive outcomes for firms multinational companies that highlight global CSR initiatives and efforts can bring about favorable perceptions among the public. Nonetheless, in that respect is still a great need to consider the significance of certain needs based on local value and experiences. Bhattacharya, C., and Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good when, why, and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 47 (1), 9-25.As the paper highlighted the impact of corporate social responsibility communication on the public, findings showed that consumers are more sensitive and demonstrate greater reactions towards negative CSR information compared to positive CSR information.... Through the use of content analysis methodology, it was put out that although Spanish companies associated CSR with great importance, usage of websites as a means of communication was not entirely effective. Information was limited regarding the concept of CSR as surface the companies engagement with environmental and social initiatives, thus the need to further look into the type, quality, and quantity of CSR information that should be communicated through websites. Chaudri, V., and Wang, J. (2007). Communicating corporate social responsibility on the internet a case study of the top 100 information technology companies in India. Management Communication Quarterly, 21 (2), 232-247. The paper looked into the communication of CSR carried out by the top 100 Information Technology (IT) organizations in India in relation to their use of websites. Specifically, the study examined the importance of communication, scope of information, and presentation style. Findings showed that there are only a small number of companies that integrate CSR information in their websites. Moreover, many of these companies do not utilize their websites with regards to the style and amount of CSR communication. Although CSR communication is not necessarily absent in IT companies in India, findings demonstrated there is inadequate CSR communication. David, P., Kline, S., and Dai, Y. (2005). Corporate social responsibility practices, corporate identity, and purchase intention a dual-process model. The literature review o f the study emphasized the importance of communication as a means of promoting the program as well as its performance to stakeholders. It was excessively asserted that initiatives for CSR communication can affect

Edgar Degas's Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen Essay

Edgar Degass Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen - Essay ExampleIf one is speaking with Marshall Berman, novelity is described as a mode of vital experience-experience of space and time, of the self and others, of lifes possibilities and perils-that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this corpse of experience modernity (Berman, 1982). It encompasses the social reassigns that are constantly taking shape, the way in which these changes are experienced and the reflection of these experiences in various circles. It is a world of commentary and ambiguity, a world of static definitions and constant change. For Marshall Berman, the contradictions of modernity are characterized by a tendency to order space and time while simultaneously promoting their ruination and failure. Many of these c formerlypts are uniquely applicable to Edgar Degas only publicly displayed sculpture, a small wax figure of a young ballet professional dancer conveying a strong sense of personality entitled Little Dancer Aged Fourteen.In describing the modern human, Berman says they are moved at once by a will to change - to transform both themselves and their world - and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart (Berman, 1982). through and through this statement, it is easy to see the conflicting emotions of an individual undergoing change of any kind. Relating it to everyday life, an individual might strive to pursue a dream career by quitting their job and launching a business of their own, but at the same time be paralyzed by the fear of this new venture failing, or worse, succeeding. Either way, it represents a change in the way things have been. To be modern is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. It is to be overpowered by the broad bureaucratic organizations that have the power to control and often to destroy all communities, values, lives and yet to be undeterred in our determination to face these forces, to fight to change their world and make it our own. It is to be both revolutionary and conservative alive to new possibilities for experience and adventure, frightened by the nihilistic depths to which so many modern adventures lead (Berman, 1982). These were the ideas emerging in the world as Degas was fiting in his studio and the ideas that have been discovered within the small shape of his exact dancer. The origin of the statue is not fully known. According to the foremost expert on the statue, Richard Kendall, the artist created the statue between the years of 1878 and 1881 when he was in his middle forties. This was at the point of his involvement with Impressionism and his sculpture is considered the first major sculpture associated with the movement. Impressionism is largely considered to be a movement within Modernism in which emphasis was placed on the emotional content of the image more than the physical content. Artists working during this period dedicated themselves to the dep iction of human emotions as discovered through the colors and lines of their work rather than through the symbols and forms of the photograph and the machine age. In doing so, these artists were attempting to dig deep into the feeling of human experience as a means of discovering the true pragmatism of what being human meant in other words, to express the sublime. Lyotard (1984) describes this process as an attempt to make visible that

Those who pray and those who fight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Those who pray and those who involvement - Essay ExampleThose who work comprised mainly the peasants in the inn the slaves and the serfs. The serfs comprised the peasants who were owned by a lord. Their duty was to work for the lord, in the field of the lords, in consideration of being allowed to use a piece of land by the lord for their use and that of their families. In addition, the lords had the duty to protect the serfs and to administer justice to them. Serfs would work for their lords for about 3 days a week, or more, during the harvest period, piece of music they would employ the rest of their time to work in their own field set for them by their lords. to the highest degree of the serfs were illiterate and poor but religious. Their lives were limited on their fields and their village church. To add, the serfs were not allowed to leave the manor of their lords. In essence, most of them ended up spending their entire lives on one estate. Those that pray include powerful po pes, clergy, bishops and priest. They had diverse religious roles, for instance, the village priests had the task to satisfy the serfs spiritual needs. This group also consisted of the monks who lived in the monasteries, and consisted mostly of educated monks and who were responsible for producing most of the books do during that period. The last order consisted of those who fought. During the medieval periods, contends were prevalent and were mostly fought by knights. Wars were expensive and since peasants could not afford arsenals of war such as horses, swords or a casing of armor, this group, therefore, consisted of people from the wealthiest order, that is, the nobles. They were mainly the land owners, living in manors, and owned all the people that lived in that Manor. They had military obligations, for instance, to the higher nobles, and were in turn owed military obligations by the lower nobles called the vassals. The nobility never worked, but were supposed to be fierce a nd warlike and they spent their time in military training and attending fight tournament with other nobles. Each of the three orders contributed in a way to the aggressiveness of Christian kingdoms during the Crusades (1096-1204). The peasants worked on the lands of their lords, and though they were not allowed to leave, they contributed to the financial might of their various(prenominal) lords, who in turn contributed military might to the crusaders. To add, they contributed directly in the crusades, for instance in 1095, Pope Urban II urged both the nobles and peasants to join him in the war against Muslims, with the mission of reclaiming the Holy land of Jerusalem. The Pope promised them a lot of things from salvation to wealth, and they, therefore, joined him because of these assurances. Those who pray were mainly the religious leaders, and who wielded a lot of powers. The pope for instance, outfit and blessed the crusaders before they waged war against people the church had d eclared to be heretics, including a Christian King (Hunt 2010, 354). This order encouraged their followers to wage crusades against the non believers. Most of them were sanctioned by the pope. For instance in 1198, pope innocent III declared a crusade against the Livs, and four years later, the Pope declared the one-fourth crusade to the holy land. The religious leaders exploited their monopoly over salvation, wealth and charity, and confession to promote crusades. For instance, during the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229), innocent suspended the crusaders monetary debts and promised that their

Human Rights Act 1998 s 3 s 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Rights telephone number 1998 s 3 s 4 - Essay ExampleRights Act was geared towards bringing about a major constitutional change within the UK3 in order to ensure that the freedoms and human rights guaranteed to individuals under the European linguistic rule of Human Rights were more effectively incorporated into national law. Klug and Starmer have spelt out the goals of the HRA as follows (a) ensuring compliances with human rights principles (b) interpreting domestic rule such that it is congenial with the Act (c) introducing the doctrine of horizontal effect and (d) modifying grounds for judicial review4.In the balance of division of powers within the UK, Parliament emerges supreme and therefore this leads to a modify form of Government. Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK has therefore posed the urgent need for Constitutional reform within the country.5 However, Klug and Starmer also point out that five-spot years after the Human Rights Act came into force on 2nd October 2000, conflicting views are offered about its efficacy, with some experts concluding that the only difference is that a wider range of questions may be asked by judicial authorities although the answers remain the same while others contend that UK courts have demonstrated their ability to interpret and put on the principles of the ECHR in national law. The essential conflict with the democratic principles of Parliamentary Sovereignty6 upon which UK law has been based - mandating Parliaments authority as the supreme law reservation authority, has also produced resistance to the HRA7.The two major sections of the HRA that are significant are sections 3 and 4. The provisions of Section 3 of the Human Rights Act states that Parliament legislation must be read and given effect to in a way that will be compatible with Convention rights so far as it is possible to do so.8 In the event that domestic legislation is found to be incompatible with individual rights spelt out in the Conventio n, and statutory interpretation is not possible,

Narrative question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Narrative question - Coursework ExampleThis raised concern that there was a dark spirit in the ocean and people no longer visited the sea. A certain scientist became curious, forgetting that it killed the cat he wanted to know more close the lonely sea. He started his journey to the spicy Continent, to the abandoned sea. At his arrival, he was surprised at its beauty. There was this pleasant undulating landscape, the sea was quiet and very appealing to look at. The shores were clean and the breeze was cool. He decided to make a tent at the shore, so that he could spend his night there. The surrounding looked safe as everything was as clear as someone slashed the area around the shore to clear all the bushes and the trash. He looked like a King on His throne ruling His subjects when he got unwrap of the tent to again take a look around from his palace. He then went back inside to sleep, and from the beginning, he enjoyed spending a night at the sea shore, in a tent. His dynasty rem ained peaceful as he begun to slumber until the unthinkable happened There was a loud bang, BWAAH It was like as loud as thunder. The scientist woke up from his slumber and begun to shake like a chameleon on a twig. He woke up fast like lightening and he got shocked. His heart popped that, for a moment, he thought his heart would get off his chest. Looking outside the tent, he could not believe his eyes What a night mare he exclaimed. Whatever he could see forrader him could not exist anywhere in the world. It was so scary to be true. The monster was so huge and walked with its salivating, mouth massive open towards the helpless scientist. The wideness of its mouth, made the scientist to remember for a moment where he had heard or read about such wide openness of a mouth. He thought quickly that he once read it from another story book about how wide the gates of hell will be when Jesus comes back. The scientist got paralyzed, he could not move an inch, and all he could wish of wa s to wake up and find out it was just a nightmare. For a moment he assumed he was asleep and going through a nightmare. He thought that was the worse mare of all he had ever had before. He wished he never even made the decision to go to the Dark Continent. An ugly looking monster stood before the scientist, a cold chill ran down his spin and his legs could hardly support him. Alas The ugly thing moved near him, took him by its hands. It was such a giant that the poor scientist felt like an ant so helpless and defenseless. It was a man eating monster and the poor scientists dear intent had come to an end. A made the biggest shout like a trumpet. Several people come from around and all witnessed this all. Alas It was too late for them to help. The reverse about the disappearance of people became unraveled and there were witnesses, even though people kept on wondering how what they saw is called. The people then decided to bid the sea, The Red Sea following the fact that a lot of pe ople had been lost in the same sea mysteriously. The name of the wondrous creature, though, remained unknown boulder clay date even though many people saw it. Until today I have never seen or heard about the monster again. may be it still lives in the sea or it

Computer Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Computer Ethics - Essay ExampleOn the some other hand, when an individual holds a positive right, then, the right holds others responsible to act in respect of those rights towards the individual.It is held that positive rights never comes into existence, up until they atomic number 18 created through a contract, which obliges an individual to act in a certain way, as regards the other troupe involved in the contract (Westin, 1967). Under such creation of a positive right, an individual is duty bound to fulfill some given obligations, towards the other person, failure to which, he will have breached the contract. For example, a negative right occurs where an brass is hindered from selling the properties of another, in order to pay for a debt that the other organization owes the first one. On the other hand, an example of a positive right is the duty held by an organization to protect and care for the property of another organization, standardised under a case of receivership.The re are two major approaches to the protection and privacy of personal information. Under a ingenuous market view, companies are allowed more freedom to do what they want with personal information, with an expectation that customer will chose to indulge with companies respecting their privacy (Mahan, 2001). Under the consumer protection view, it is required that the government advocates for hard standards that guide the protection of privacy of individual information (Sterba, 1998). Thus, there is no greater concern for errors issued by a credit bureau in free market view, as there is in consumer protection view.A case for anonymity on the internet is that it allows an individual to share thought that are moot or thought inappropriate for the conservative society, without the fear of being known. Another case for anonymity is that it allows people to ask technical questions, which they would want to openly introduce they do not know (Mahan, 2001). A case against anonymity is that it allows for the abuse and

Traditional And Citizen-Based Forms Of Journalism Essay

Traditional And Citizen-Based Forms Of Journalism - Essay ExampleThe professional media draw their organizational authority and concern from their production of their work within the journalism norms. This means that traditionalistic journalism entails professionally paid rung, officially recognized by the press (Reese et al., 2007). Such members of staff are trained and proficient in the journalistic dexterity and often have formal or ceremonial training. Advertising and subscriber support provides traditional journalism with the means to extensively distribute their listed product such as news, shows, and events. On the contrary, citizen journalism has its emergence from individuals and citizenry interest factions seeking to articulate thoughts or position within the civic discourse. Participants in the citizen journalism need not hold traditional journalistic code as a prerequisite for participation. By designation, these citizenry media command less financial feasibility and m ay be based on a subsidy, non-profit, or no revenue model at all (Reese et al., 2007). Contributors only require motivation and willingness to have a word with the public. Unlike traditional journalism, citizen journalism creates lively and interactive conversations on personal sites, NGO) websites, kitchen stove emails, social media platforms, and message boards. Apparently, as shown above, the two models of journalism though having the same objective- informing the public of trends and news, they have distinct structures and approaches in operations for efficient go delivery.

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate Essay

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate is this statment - Essay ExampleCopyright does not guarantee the comfortion of ideas, but it can protect the original work. For example, many films have the common theme in which the hero kills the villain. According to copyright laws, it is easy to protect the original film from copying, but it is insurmountable to protect the common theme. In other words, the theme or idea cannot be monopolized, but the original film can be protected.According to Erwin Chemerinsky (2002), at that place is an inherent tension between copyright laws and freedom of speech. Copyrights restrict the ability of people to disseminate speech when material is protected by copyright there are legal limits on who can circulate or sell it (Chemerinsky, p.83). Moreover copyright laws are permitted even in modern civilized societies which set freedom of expression. Many people believe that copyright may enhance freedom of expression. Becaus e of the strong linkage between copyright and freedom of expression, copyright is oft referred as the engine of free expression. As we know an engines abilities is necessary for driving a vehicle or to do some effectual work. For example, a car is idle or dead if the engine fails. Same way if free expression is not allowed, no creative works bequeath happen and the term copyright may become meaningless. This paper critically analyses the accuracy of the statement Copyright an engine of free expression.Liu Xiaobo, who was disposeed by the Chinese authorities for his open stand on freedom of expression rights, has won the 2010 Nobel Peace prize. Even though most of the countries asked China to release Liu from jail in order to receive the Nobel Prize, China is still keeping a blind eye towards this issue. Nobody believes that China may exhibit generous motion towards Liu for receiving the Noble Prize. China is a country in which freedom of expression is restricted. Even the foreig n medias operating in

The challenges of managing communication, leadership and decision Essay

The challenges of managing communication, leadership and decision making - Essay ExampleThe economic consumption of managers is to level possible disagreements and relieve oneself positive climate and atmosphere. In hospitality, sector, cohesive groups, and self-managing teams create a tension and pressure which has a disconfirming impact on critical analysis and decision-making process. The challenge of management is to restructure self-managing teams and introduce new methods and forms of communication between teams members. Cohesiveness is more likely when members of a team atomic number 18 to gather for a reasonable length of time, and changes occur only slowly. Strict guidelines and rules established by a manager will help to avoid skirmish situations and turnover of members. Low morale and a negative attitude are often associated with a large number of team members undertaking similar work. This requires vivid planning by which the degree and quality of goal achievement c an be determined. Teamwork coordination should be stated clearly and communicated to those concerned, and to those who are subject to the operation of the restrainer system. Decision-making has a great influence on effective teamwork, because it involves some degree of participation. Team decision-making uses an overlapping form of structure (Dittmer 2001).Cross-cultural environment and cross-cultural teams create another challenge for management. This issue is typical for hospitality management and communication based on the nature of business itself. Hospitality management operates on the world-wide scale and has to deal with different customer groups and culturally diverse employees. In this case, communication and leadership are the main tools used by management to authorize cultural differences and tension (Beardwell et al 2001). There are always certain groups in any society that are discriminated against unfavorably due to the prejudices and preconceptions of the people wi th whom they turn in to deal. These preconceptions are sometimes verbalized, but often not, and the people holding these preconceptions may well be unaware of the way that they see and judge things and people. The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. The exploit plan will can be based on employee survey (questionnaire) aimed to identify the main areas of improvement and current problems faced by hospitality managers (Dow 1999). Primarily, it is decisive to develop mutual acceptance and membership within apiece team. Members in different departments and corporate office environment should have an initial mistrust of each other and a fear of inadequacies. If they remain defensive and limit their behavior through conformity and ritual, the manager s hould adopt diversity policies to reduce a negative impact (Bowen, Ford 2004). The priority is with questions of likes and dislikes, and power or dependency of group members. Critics admit that there is

Sociology and the culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology and the culture - Essay ExampleMulticulturalism can be defined as the notion that American nightclub should be understood as a collection of diverse cultural groups rather than as a single, unified national body on one hand or as simply an aggregate of atomized individuals on the other. A multiculturalism sensibility implies that the government must recognize and respect if not nurture the smorgasbord and integrity of racial and ethnic communities.The reason why different student groups define success in different ways is that different race and heathenish groups have sometimes their own understanding of their roles in American society which based on historical background and in some cases on humans opinion. American society still operates in a paradigm in which an individual is a member of the majority or the minority, either White or Non-White. This Black-Non White binary has influenced courts and legislatures race-conscious remedies such as school desegregation orde rs and employment discrimination claims. The White-Non-White paradigm is injurious, because instead of promoting equality, it promotes the dominance of whiteness. White becomes the singular point of denotation for all other races if one is not White, the other race to which one belongs is immaterial.

Photojournalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photojournalism - Essay ExampleThe level of objectivity and ethics employed by a photojournalist on duty remains constant while it is possible to express freedom in adjusting the news elements or components of the graphic medium which constitute the effect of the visuals.In todays society, according to Anil Ramchand, the photojournalism market still indicates competitiveness despite the weakening demand for newspapers and magazine circulations. Such degree of competence, however, is inclined to seem upon how willing the industry is in engaging with the mainstream where imagery of fashion bearing aesthetic value and sensation amply matter over mere statements of typewritten facts. Hence, as long as an item attracts the publics sense of appreciation by sight, photojournalism is certain to stand on stable grounds as it keeps its modern-day function of improving the physical character of a potential commodity.Apparently, a way to pursue optimum commerce means a lot. Since the public in general projects a growing interest in visuals, the revolutionary concept of photojournalism becomes reduced to assume the role of rendering external appearance to captivate steady if this does not necessarily signify the main content of the subject or theme. While there are still photojournalists who choose to preserve the reputable effect of their profession, the online mode of mass communication seems to limit photojournalism to the confines of pop culture and the associated common practice of illustrating news, celebrity and sports coverage with less sensible yet discard designs.Because I have since recently been fond of creating blogs about a variety of topics but with chief focus on art and poetry, I find a great deal of satisfaction at having come up with journal entries that are forty-five percent rich in exquisite photos. This way, my site manages to refund more

Managerial Economics Week 10 Individual Work Assignment

Managerial Economics Week 10 Individual Work - Assignment usageUser charges get money from people and business in monetary value of charging the benefits they receive. Examples include charges in Laundromats, soda from vending machines, iTunes, pay-per-view movies on cable TV, and NetflixCourse offered in higher education institutions vary in terms of depth and quantity of course materials and requirements. Some courses are more demanding than former(a)s depending on the depth of the curriculum and assimilator involvement. On this note, some courses may need more resources in order to meet the learning objectives and outcomes. Such variability in courses would affect the amount of price set by higher education institutions. It is logical for students pursuing courses that are more demanding with regard to resources to pay more for the extra load their courses are using. close to universities therefore charge unlike fees for different courses depending on the level of involvement and resources that particular course requires. The approach seems to be fair to students and most importantly, to the university in terms of resource management. There are different types of funding approaches universities and other institutions of higher learning can adopt (Barr, 2004).Other than pricing schemes that charge different fees for different courses, other institutions charge the same fees to all students. Such a pricing approach may be burdensome to some students and on the other overhaul be lenient to others. The difference between the two types of students varies depending on income distributions. Due to varying income distributions and inequalities, some students may find it easy to pay the fees while other may struggle with the fees. Since the fees are standard for all students regardless of their family incomes, this type of pricing scheme may not be fair to students with low family incomes. On the contrary, the same pricing scheme may not be high for student from families

Culver City Essay Example for Free

Culver city EssayBecause of the changes that eat up taken place in the cargon for floor industry throughout the past decade, renovation area rival analyses have become an increasingly important aspect of environmental analysis. The process of service area competitor analysis involves first of all an identification of the service category for analysis. It then moves on to include identifying of competitors, determining the strengths and weaknesses of rivals, and anticipating their moves based on the analysis of the data collected.The service area selected for this particular analysis is the Culver City breast feeding home industry. The food market for breast feeding home care in Culver City, California is changing rapidly and has been considered a buyers market for specialty care. The cosmos of Culver City in relation to the count of senior citizens is an important consideration in the decision to enter the nursing home market in this city. The number of persons each nur sing home usually takes is in the picture of 80 to 85% of its carrying capacity (Pandya, 2001).One must not forget that the demand for nursing home care is driven by the availability of financing (Willging, 2003). Also notable is that approximately 36% of seniors have been financing nursing-home care out of air hole (2001). In carrying out a service area competitor analysis upon this city, it is necessary to take a look at such aspects as its financial and economic situation, the demographics, and the trends that might derive from them. It will also be necessary to assess the strategies being pursued by the nursing homes that service the area and the consumer reaction to these policies.According to the analysis of the Culver City finance budget, the city began a period of economic growth in the late 1990s where the property revenue enhancementes began reflecting an increase in the value of real estate and overall taxes represented a public increase in per capita income. Over t he period the city was able to sustain both(prenominal) low inflation and unemployment rates. Investment grew almost three fold, according to the Dow Jones Industrial, S P 500, and the Nasdaq composite charts (City of Culver City, 485-86). However, economic growth has plateauxed since 2001, and the employment rate that had fallen from 9 to 3.9 percent, has risen up to approximately six percent (485). Across the United States, the health care industry has had to cope with economic changes resulting from rising medical examination costs. The Culver City population sustained a growth of 47% between the years 1990 and 2000 (City Population, p. 2). The records of the Culver City Redevelopment Agency reveal that the population of the city is 39,119. On average, in that location are roughly 16,826 households represented in the area, and the income for the average household is about $76,013 per annum.The income for the average family household fares to $90,930. The Culver City trade area extends beyond this. If the area considered extends to a three mile radius beyond the hub of the city, the population increases 305,287 and boasts an average family income of $79,689. Within a five mile radius abide about 852,147 people, and the inclusion of this population brings the average household income back up to $87,820. The median age of Culver City is 40, and 84% of all the adults of this city have succeed at least a high school education.Thirty five percent of these adults have also attained at least a bachelors degree in high education. The population is distributed mainly among persons of Caucasian, Hispanic, African American and Asian origins. Forty-six percent of the inhabitants are white, 25% are Hispanic, 12% are Asian and another 12% are African American. The remaining 5% are of unknown or other origin (Demographics). In Culver City is a rather prosperous community. Only 2. 96% of the population earns less than $20,000 per year. Those who live on an amount between $20,000 and $50,000 amount to 13.46% and another 22. 37% live within the next tier level, between $50,000 and $75,000. Seventeen percent live on $75,001 to $100,000, and a third of all the people live on an income higher than $100,000. Approximately 16% of the Culver City residents are over sixty years old (Demographics). For strategic management purposes it is dangerous to consider the over-65 radical as a homogeneous one (Willging, 2003). Shifts in demographic and increases in lifespan have changed the make-up and the desires of the aging population (Ginter, et al. 2006, p. 6).The senior citizens and retiree demographic in Culver City has been divided into three groups for the sake of consumer analysis. The retirement group has a median income of approximately $53,000 which is about $11,000 higher than the national average. Non-whites are represent about 43% of this group and approximately 35% of this group has attained a bachelors (or higher) degree. This group is likely on average to spend a mid-to-high amount on entertainment, but spends a bit lower on average on health care, presumably because not all retirees are senior citizens (Artsmarket, 2002, p.12-13). The dynamic senior singles group has a median income of $32,000, which is also higher than the national median. They participate in many health activities and have a medium-to-high likelihood of spending money on health. The region of none whites in this group is approximately 22%, and 25. 7% percent of the members of the active senior singles group have attained college degrees (Artsmarket, 2002, p. 14-15). The prosperous older couples group has a median income of approximately $67,500, which is an astounding $32,000 higher than the national median.Thirty percent of these have attained bachelors degrees (or higher) and people of color make up 29 % of the group. Their likelihood of spending on health care is in the high range (Artsmarket, 2002, p. 16-17). The citys economic situation presen ts costs and benefits to any prospective nursing-home business venture. The fixed costs of entering the market would be considerable, but the increase unemployment rate (up from 3. 9 percent) would make the price of labor a little more dedicateable than in recent years.A favorable thing for businesses is the tax rebate program that has been instituted by the city to encourage new business. This grants them tax relief from either business or utility users tax (City of Culver City, 489). A new entrant into the nursing home industry in Culver City must consider the quality of care that is to be provided by that business entity. The general problems with funding being experienced by nursing homes across the country has led not just to many law suits and eventual bankruptcy, but to the liberation of customers to competitors (Day, 2005).Culver City customers also require not just a variety but quality of service. Variety will be an asset however, as there is great intensity of rivalry a mong existing organizations, and the nursing home industry is experiencing rapid growth driven by the demographic and social trends mentioned above. It must be noted, for example, that a good portion of the seniors are educated, and educated seniors tend to be more knowledgeable and have higher expectations of a facility (Willging, 2003).The significant portion of non-whites must also be considered and real attempts made to cater and appeal to them. In addition, it must be noted that a vast majority of these seniors have lived active lives therefore, facilities which cater to this would be magnetic to their tastes. The competitors in the Culver City nursing home industry, though they provide adequate care and the necessary facilities, can be categorized into four groups that denote they quality of service they offer as well as the level of reimbursement that they require for those run.For this service area nursing home facilities are pursuing four basic strategies high price with h ighly specialized services (strategic group 1), low price with few ancillary services (strategic group 2), medium price with some services, (strategic group 3), and high price with many services (strategic group 4). Customers who seek the attributes of one strategic group, such as highly specialized rehabilitation services, are unlikely to be attracted to another strategic group.A good idea for a newcomer in the nursing home market is to choose the group to which it is best able to cater, and possibly to diversify the scope of the service by offering one or ii (not many) extra services. Then, concentrate on providing the best service possible in that group. Diversity does exist in the consumer groups, but this information must be acted upon with care. early on retirees, for example, who might need nursing home care, may not yet qualify for state or federal assisted care (Clinton, 1993). Medicare and Medicaid provide broad coverage to only about 9% of seniors, and many are forced to pay out of pocket (Day, 2005).The figures have shown that many Culver City seniors can afford this, but paying out of pocket means that the consumers will be even more unlikely to accept less than the best care. This look at the nursing home industry as it exists in Culver City has revealed that, though a buyers market exists and the competition is very high, a newcomer in the market might still have a chance to win a significant market share. This must be done by paying financial aid to the demographic as well as the economic situations that have the power to affect the market.The psychographic and demographic aspects show that a diversity of services must be offered and that any newcomer desiring be successful in such a competitive and demanding market must be willing to (carefully) diversify.ReferencesArtsMarket. (2002). City of Culver City Acorn lump Lifestyles and Local Profiles. Bozeman Author. www. artmarket. com City of Culver City. (2004). Fiscal 2004-05 Adopted City Bu dget. Budget and Finance. Author. http//www. culvercity. org/citygov/budgetfinance/depts_budgfinanc. hypertext markup language City Population. (2001). Redistricting Committee. Oregon State Legislature.http//www. leg. state. or. us/comm/redistricting/citypop. pdf Clinton, Bill. (1993). Remarks and a question-and-answer session with the AARP on health care in Culver City, California. Weekly compilation of presidential documents. News and Society. http//www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n40_v29/ai_14550594 Day, Thomas. (2005). About Nursing Homes. Guide to long term care planning. National dish out Planning Council. http//www. longtermcarelink. net/about_nursing_homes. html Demographics. City of Culver City. http//www. culvercity. org Ginter, P. M. , Swayne, L. E. and Duncan, W.J. (2006). Strategic management of health care organizations. 4th ed. Malden Blackwell. Pandya, Sheel. Nursing Homes. Policy and research for professionals in aging. AARP. http//www. aarp. org /research/longtermcare/nursinghomes/aresearch-import-669- FS10R. html Redevelopment Agency of Culver City. Community Profile. City of Culver City. Culver City Government. http//www. culvercity. org/citygov/redevelop/demogr. html Willging, Paul. R. (2003). Dont let demographics fool you. Nursing Homes. Aug. 2003. http//www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3830/is_8_52/ai_108198554

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Example for Free

Stay Healthy During Examinations EssayIntroductionI. When the final exams, many savant will push themselves to study and do not c be about their surroundings. II. This means infinite hours of studying, insufficient amounts of tranquillity, and irregular diet and exercise. The end result problems are occurs, high sickness rates amongst college students. III. Staying illness-free during the final exam season is not easy feat, but is vital in order to maximize performance. IV. Today I will to introduce you to three ways how to cargo hold rock-loving during exam Comfortable place, clock time and body, keep up a goodish eat, and have enough sleep and rest. (Transition Lets start by looking at prospering place, time and body.)BodyI. A comfortable place, time and body arsehole attend to you to focus and can avoid stress when you are studying. A. Make a study time table and follow it. i. Set aside time for friends, family and opposite activities but you moldiness have your ow n time table. ii. You must know what you must to do during your weekdays and weekends. Make sure not wasting your time. B. Besides that, have a study space will help you a lot.i. Find somewhere that you are able to go and do your assignment and study in peace and quiet. ii. Find somewhere space you will comfortable with it, because some students have their own ways. C. Take your own break and not push yourself.i. It workable if you are can study without taking some break to release your tension and relaxed your mind. ii. The reason for that is to give your mind a rest and peace.(Transition Like comfortable place, time and body, keep healthy eat are also the way to stay healthy during examination.)II. Besides that, you must keep your healthy diet during examinations. You must portion out some food even though you are do not have enough time. A. Find and eat healthy food. i. Find something that can help your brain more(prenominal) active and developed your good memories. ii. Take t ime away from study to eat, and put your healthy first. B. Be active and do not pressure your brain.i. Go out and do something active, such as go walk, jog or a run. It is can make your brain more active and release your tension. ii. If your mental are healthy, it will lead your mind in peace.(Transition Now that we have looked at comfortable place, time and body and keep healthy eat, lets turn to have enough sleep and rest.III. Make sure that you get an enough sleep time and rest during in examinations week. A. Sleep time is more important because it will help your body and brain rest. i. Nowadays, many students do not care about their sleep time. well-nigh all students like to stay up during a night. ii. Without sleep you will be tired, irritable and cranky. B. Cut down the caffeine.i. It means that, many students like to take caffeine to prevent them from sleepy and want to stay up during a night. ii. It also disrupts your sleep patterns.ConclusionI. As we have seen, health is m ore important to us and we must keep our healthy with a true ways. II. I have focused on comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy diet and have an enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that, you as a student have be healthy during your exam. You just wasted your time if you not keep your body health.BibliographyLinda Formichelli (2012). Expert strategies for staying healthy at college. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/expert-strategies-staying-healthy-at-collegeTasha Giuda (2011, December 14). Top tips to stay healthy during exam season. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//www.foxnews.com/fncu/current-interns/blog/2011/12/14/top-tips-stay-healthy-during-exam-seasonSiobhan (2012, October 25). Staying healthy during exams. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http//siobhanb.blogspot.com/2012/09/staying-health-during-exams.html

Gleaning Rich Insights from Works of Literature Tackling Fatherhood Essay Example for Free

Gleaning Rich Insights from Works of Literature Tackling Fatherhood EssayReading whole kit of literature by different authors on a common topic broadens our understanding about human nature, cultures and history. Poetry that expresses angsts and pangs, or exalt the beauty or of things around us, in forceful language or elevated style standardized the lyric numbers, can be an enriching experience. Watching or interpretation a play can likewise be an sacred experience. Indeed, there is a variety of meanings, sentiments, and even moral lessons that unravel to readers exploring poetry and play foc utilised on a central unifying typography. This paper presents sextette types of mystifyhood types as gleaned from five poems and one play (a) the grieving father, (b) the despised father, (c) the hardworking but detached father, (d) the itinerant far-off dad, (e) the involved father, and (e) the deadbeat dad. The selected works of literature all say something about the human experi ence, motivation, and condition, with special concentrate on the overwhelming father-child bond. While all of them ar created in thought-provoking panache and are replete with figurative language, taking the reader on a journey and letting various insights linger in the memory, they differ in their approaches.In effect, the different perspectives on fatherhood are crystallized into an integrated idea with a richer context. On My First Son by Ben Jonson has an opening line that reflects a fathers deep melancholy and anguish as he mourns what most people may consider to be their greatest loss the devastation of ones own child. When Jonson writes, Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy (Ciuraru 191), there is heartfelt grief as he shares a painful loss. The use of the word thou, oftentimes used in formal religious context as prayers, adds impact because it conjures an soma of a father paying his last respect to his young son.The last few lines which echo the poets relief t hat his son has escaped the trials and tribulations of this world (Ciuraru 191) point to how the author attempts to soothe his intense pain and reflects his bridal of his sons fate as well. On the other hand, Daddy by Sylvia Plath speaks from a daughters point of judgment for a father who has passed away. It has a somber and dark mood and the whimsys of intense hatred and betrayal are shown in the very selection of words and imagery.Perhaps no poem is as explicit and powerful as Sylvia Plaths Daddy, which describes an idealized yet oppressive father, one whom the speaker rejects with a resounding, forceful brutality (Ciuraru 14). Parental relations, as most psychoanalysts may confirm, carries over into ones adult family relationships, and this was clearly the case with Sylvia Plath. During her childhood, she lost her father, Otto Plath, to complications from surgery following a leg amputation (Martin, para. 1) and this, along with her memories of feeling smothered and betrayed, appeared to have left an imprint on her.Plath uses metaphors, notably a shoe to describe her father, and herself as the foot that is in some way pin down in the shoe, to express just how suffocated and oppressed she felt. As umpteen who are familiar with Sylvia Plaths life would know, the talented writer had a tumultuous relationship with her poet-husband Ted Hughes, and personal jealousies, differences in American and British views of gender roles, and a return of Sylvias depression complicated the Plath-Hughes marriage (Martin, para.8) and she makes references to how her very life was sucked out of her the way a vampire drinks the blood of its captive, in her poem. In the 15th stanza, she states If Ive killed one man, Ive killed two The vampire who said he was you And drank my blood for a year, (Barnet 703) There are many other figures of speech, including similes, rhyming and tone, that helpfully lend emphasis and effectively transport readers to a time when people felt quite s hackled by agnate authority and were powerless to do something about it.Plaths poem ends with a sense of closure, nonetheless, reflecting her resolve to take matters into her own hands. As for Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden, the particular proposition use of figurative language effectively highlights the hardworking but detached type of father that many of us may be familiar with. Upon reading the poem in its entirety, one senses a certain remoteness shown by the father, or as perceived by the son from his father.The first line in the second stanza, which says Id wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking creates a psychological picture in the readers mind, through poetic devices like rhyme and assonance or the use of long vowel sounds to slightly slow down the poem for emphasis. The reader also senses that cold refers not just to the weather but to the feeling that envelops the son as he rouses himself from slumber and faces his father. Hayden also places specific words at the beginning of his lines to give it focus and importance.The very last line in the poem which describes love as being austere is an indirect acknowledgment that love confronts even in a home where the patriarch rules in an authoritarian or a cold, forbidding way. The very first stanza also reveals that the father is very hardworking and sacrifices his own tangible well-being for his familys sake, but gets no appreciation for his efforts and dogged determination to carry out his parental duties. Another poem, My Father in the Navy A Childhood Memory by Judith Ortiz Cofer speaks of a daughters longing for a father who is busy working in distant shores.The reader gleans how the poets career Navy father requires him to be apart from his family for considerable lengths of time. As such, the speaker in the poem aptly phrases the love, intense longing, as well as pride for the traveling father who looked stiff and immaculate in the white cloth of his uniform and a round cap on his h ead like a halo (Barnet 727) in such creative and vivid manner His homecomings were the verses we composed over the years making up the sirens birdsong that kept him coming back from the bellies of iron whalesand into our nights like the evening prayer. (Barnet 727) The authors use of simile, personification and metaphor, among other literary devices, added to delivering a poem with blessing and impact. The poem, in effect, strikes a resonant chord among readers who, at some point in their live, have had to be apart from a beloved father or father figure, and fully know what it is like to celebrate their return. The poem, A Parental Ode to my Son, Aged Three Years and Five Months by Thomas Hood conveys the photograph of the new and involved father.This special father-child bond is written about only on few occasions by a handful of writers seeking to dwell on such topic. The first few lines of the poem, which contains metaphors, mirrors the unrestrained happiness and amusement of the father for his toddler. His lines, like Thou happy, happy elf Thou tiny image of myself Thou merry, laughing sprite (Klein 109) are punctuated by asides that let readers experience his joy. The poet also juxtaposes poetic verses with a very fatherly voice describing a much-loved child.digression from the use of rhythm and rhyme, Thomas Hood likewise uses other figures of speech like similes and alliteration to express his terms of endearment for his young son. Another work of literature, the long-familiar Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, has a common thread that ties it to the five poems explored in this paper, in that it revolves around the life and dreams of a main character who happens to be a father. Willy Lohan, the salesman, represents the dog-tired father who has worked all his life to provide for his familys needs (Williams 51), and nurtures big dreams for his sons, but the demands of fatherhood have drained him.Though his mental faculties appear to be failing him and one of his sons tends to belittle him and finds him off-track, his all-consuming fatherly concern is unassailable. Referring to his son Biff, whom he mistakenly hopes will follow in his footsteps, Willy says, That boys going to be magnificent (Williams 79) reflecting a fathers immense pride and rosy hopes for his son, even if he had been a bum for years. Readers of the play, with its timeless theme of reaching for ones dreams, will attest to the great impact of this piece of literature.As one of them said, Reading drama was far more enigmatic than reading prose fiction (Oates, par. 4). All the works of literature studied here contain immense value, not just for their stylistic accomplishments and the succinct voicing of themes that are usually treated in traditional or melodramatic fashion without the rich context. Compared to the portrayal of fathers in other non-literary media like movies or television, poetry and plays curse heavily on figurative language that help elevate the experience for readers, and underscore life lessons, while bringing to readers minds their own poignant family experiences.The language and literary devices contribute much to a broader understanding of the subject matter. Analyzing a group of poems and a play bordering on the same subject showed that gathering different points of view or interpretations, reflecting various angles, leads to a clearer and more comprehensive study.Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, et al. An Introduction to Literature. 14th ed. bare-ass York Longman, 2005. Ciuraru, Carmela, ed. Poems About Fathers.. New York Random House, Inc. , 2007. Klein, Patricia, ed. Treasury of Year-round Poems.New York Random House, Inc. , 2006. Martin Two Views of Plaths Life and Careerby Linda Wagner-Martin and Anne Stevenson. Modern American Poetry Home. 1994. 11 May 2008 http//www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/poets/m_r/plath/twoviews. htm. Oates, Joyce hum. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman A Celebration. Weblog entry. Celes tial Timepiece A Joyce Carol Oates Home Page. 11 May 2008 http//www. usfca. edu/southerr/arthurmiller. html. Williams, Liza M. , and Kent Paul. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Book Notes. New York Barrons Educational Series, 1984.

Contribution of Chicago School to Criminology

Contri howeverion of moolah School to CriminologyCritically assess the contribution ofthe boodle SchoolIn this tense I provide critically assess the contribution of the Chicago school. I will open this essay by briefly describing the Chicago school and the conditions in which it arose. I will then look at the context at heart criminology in witch the Chicago School emerged I will do this by looking at the dominating criminological theories that existed before the Chicago school. Furthermore I will discuss the influence Emile Durkhiem and Ernest Simmel make to the Chicago school theories. I will follow by describeing and criticaly assesing the contributions made by some of the key Chicago School thinkers, Robert Park, Ernest burgess, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, Edwin Sutherland and Robert Merton. This essay will be concluded by assessing the contributions of the Chicago School theories.The Chicago school is the name given to the sound conducted at the University of Chicago since the 1890s. The Chicago school emerged at a time when the urban center was experiencing rapid sociable convinces owing to a rapid increase in population as a result of great migration. These massive mixer changes caused problems regarding ho utilize, mendi good dealcy and strain on institutions. These rapid complaisant changes interested sociologists they were concerned as to how the metropolis would stay stable in relation to these changes (Faris, 1967, p.5).The Chicago school particular act upon took a positive stance however, sociologists were more focused on social povisitivism. This social positivism I will demonstrate in social structural theories by Robert Park, Ernest Burgress, Robert Merton, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. Following world war two some sociologists at the school employed a different form of query to the previous positivist approach. These sociologistss applied an interactionist form of enquiry to examine the social world this was called symboli c interactionism strongly influenced by the work of Ernest Simmel. This intractionist form of examination I will demonstrate in the work of Edwin Sutherland.In order to understand the contributions made by the Chicago school, we need to understand the context in which the Chicago school emerged. The dominant theories in Criminology preceding the Chicago school were classical criminological and positivist theories of crime.The classical school of criminology dates back to the enlightenment in the previous(predicate) 18th century. Philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria, focused their interest on the system of iniquitous justice and penology, they suggested that crime is a product of benevolent nature and sharp-witted humans possess assuage will, therefore confirm the ability to fake their actions. (Carrabine et al, 2004, chap. 3)This perspective emerged as an alternative to the old barbaric system of capital penalty and was concerned with generating a wrong justice system which was more reasonable. This surmise was not concerned with the several(prenominal) causes of crime but instead focused on the law enforcement and legal procedure. Classical criminologists believe that laws are constructed to demonstrate that non-criminal behaviour is in peoples self interests because, according to Jeremy Bentham, it corresponds to his hedonistic utilitarian principle, the greatest good for the greatest number (Bentham,1789).Beccaria suggests that crime is a result of bad laws and had nothing to do with bad individuals. Beccarias famous book On Crime and Punishment, offered a recent perspective based on justice, his notions became the foundations of the modern criminal justice system (Beccaria, 1764, p.8-19).Early positivist theories of crime are deterministic as they reject the naotin of free will. This deterministic approach uses emprical reasurch methods. This perspective proposes that crime is a consequence of biological, psychological and enviromen tal determents (Ceurabine et al, 2004, chap. 3). This is in contrast to the classical approach, which focuses on legal come outs and prevention of crime. Positivist criminologists maintain that the causes and effects of criminal behaviour are directly apparent this view was partd by Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso did not believe in the notion of free will, he believed that criminal behaviour was inherited. Lombroso suggested that a criminal type exists, criminals are physiologically different to non criminals and these criminals display observable physical signs and deformities. Lombroso conducted research on criminals to gain observable evidence (Macionis and Plummer, 2005, p.442).Both of these theories offer interesting explanations of crime and have contributed to the development of criminology today. The criminal justice system might not exist without the work of Beccaria and maybe capital punishment might tranquillise be in use presently. The work of early positivist criminol ogists have contributed to criminology by suggesting that crime is not ineluctably a matter of free will but could in fact be a result of determining external factors. The positivist tradition was as well employed by Emile Durkhiem. The Chicago school was highly influenced by Durkhiems work and his ideas contributed to the development of some of their theories. The Chicago Schools early work employed a social positivist tradition as they believed that crime was not a matter of free will but was determined by social factors.Emile Durkhiem was interested in social positivism his theories focused macro sociological issues. Durkhiem looked at societies as a unscathed and believed that there were laws that govern and control our behaviour. Durkhiem suggested that a certain degree of crime and deviance was necessary for a healthy society. He suggested that individuals are influenced by different factors and may not share the same values these conflicting values drive out cause deviant behaviour (Durkheim, 1895, p.65-73).Durkhiem suggested that too much crime and deviance threatens the stability of society but too little indicates apathy as well as limiting change and innovation. Durkhiem also suggested that deviance has a positive function because exposure to criminal behaviour reinforces societys belief in shared norms and values, when a criminal trial transpires it heightens awareness of societys moral code. Durkhiem believed that society can be viewed similarly to an organic organism because both are made up from interdependent parts working together in order for the whole to function he suggested that institutions such as the family, education and religion all contribute to the overall functioning of society. (Macionis and Plummer, 2005 p.444)After world war two, some Chicago school thinkers were influenced by the work of Ernest Simmel, his ideas are essential for understanding the original notions from where symbolic interactionism emerged. Simmel looked at micro sociological issues. Simmel suggested that individuals are not directly observable because of their subjective nature he believed that individuals are self interested and try to gain their needs by using the means available to them. Simmel looked at individuals actions as he believed that through these actions the social world was constructed he suggests . society is made up of the interactions between and among individuals, and the sociologist should study the patterns and forms of these associations, rather than quest by and by social laws (Farganis, p. 133). This perspective is different from the deterministic postivist openings as it belives that individuals have the free will to construt their own reality.Robert Park was an influential figure at the university during the 1920s and 1930s, he was interested in human Ecology. He was highly influenced by the work of Emile Durkhiem and his organic analogy of society. Park saw the city as a ace organism and held that social changes were a natural process required by society in order to proceed and effectively evolve. (Park and Burgress, 1921)Robert Park was pioneer of a new research method called ethnography. This pioneering new method made huge contributions to the air sociologists/ criminologists studied the social world. Park encouraged his students to go into the city and soak up primary data using observational methods. (Macionis and Plummer 2005 p.648-649)Go and sit in the lounges of the luxury hotels and on the doorsteps of the flophouses sit on the Gold Coast settees and on the slum area shakedown sit in the Orchestra Hall and the Star and Garter Burlesque. In short, gentlemen, go get the seat of your pants dirty in real research.(Park, Cited in Prus 1996, pg 103-140)Using a mixture of ethnographic methods combined with ecology, Park and Ernest Burgress conducted an ecological study on the city of Chicago. Together they constructed a diagrammatical representation of the city called the conc entric zone model. The concentric zone model was the first model to demonstrate how urban land was used. This model showed the location of certain social groups within the city of Chicago (Macionis and Plummer, 2005 p.650-651).This possibility revealed that there was a correlation in distance from the central business zone depending on class, it showed that richer people lived further forth from the central business district and poorer people lived near it in the zone of transition. Their surmise suggests that areas nearest the core are impacted higher by social changes for example poverty, immagration (Macionis and Plummer, 2005 p.650-651).This surmisal has contributed to criminology as it shows the correlation between social ecology, class and crime this model demonstrates the impact social changes have on crime. This was a change to previous explanations of crime as it suggestes that crime is a result of external social factors, and therefore challenges the earlier positivists biological causational theory support by Lombroso.The centric zone model has been criticised because the theory is context and historically specific. This theory cannot be applied to explain citys other than Chicago. This theory does not explain modern ecology, as high-class housing is near the centre of the city and not on the outskirts. Another criticism is that Park and bourgeois used official data to produce their theory but they did not have knowledge of how this official data was configured, such as if the data was touch by bias, if individuals were labelled. This theory also did not take into note exsanguine collar crime. Furthermore Park and Burgess theory did not offer explanations as to why crime in the zone of transition was higher in other areas. This theory also did not suggest who committed crimes and why? (Short, 1976)Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay also made contributions to the development of the Chicago school. They were interested in how these social forces inf luence crime, an area overlooked by the earlier work of Park and Burgess. Shaw and McKay were interested in social disorganization they suggest that crime is a social disorder resulting from social disorganization (Lotz, 2005 p. 122-127).Shaw and McKay used Park and Burgesss concentric zone model to investigate the relationships in crime rates and delinquency in the different zones in the city. They also found that areas situated near the city centre that were experiencing high disorganization were also experiencing high delinquency. They suggest that Delinquency rates were for these groups highbecause of other aspects of the total situation in which they lived (Shaw and McKay, 1942 pg56). on that point theory looked at the reasons behind the high levels of disorganization.They advocate that social disorganization in urban areas is linked to social changes for example, industrialization, urbanization and immigration. They propose that disorganized areas will develop deviant and cri minal values that substitute conventional values. The diagram below demonstrates Shaw and McKays theory (Shaw and McKay, 1942).Shaw and McKay theory is unique as it looks at the social aspects causing crime it explains why there are increased amounts of delinquency in certain areas and within certain groups (Shaw and McKay, 1942).There are however criticisms of Shaw and McKays social disorgniztional theory. Critics suggest that not everyone who lives in disorganized communities engage in criminal acts. It also does not explain why criminal acts are still present in areas that are seen to have low disorganization. This theory also overlooks middle class crime as it only focuses on disorganized areas. This theory does not explain how deviant norms and values are transmitted (Lotz, 2005, p. 122-127).Another theory associated with the University of Chicago was the theory of differential association developed by Edwin Sutherland 1939. It demand is to understand the process in which devi ant behaviour is learnt. This theory explains areas that Shaw and McKay missed. This theory looks at the cultural transmission it proposes that criminal behaviour is learned through human interactions and suggests that criminal and deviant norms, attitudes and motives transpire from learned behaviour. He looked deeply at individuals values and cultural perspectives in order to recognize the reasons behind deviant and criminal behaviour. This perspective was influenced by the ideas of Simmel and the idea that researchers needed to look at the underlying causes of criminal behaviour (Cote, 2002, p.125-130).This perspective made contributions to criminology as it suggests that the causes of crime are associate to learning deviant or criminal norms. This theory contrasts the positivist theories as it takes an interactionists stance. This theory suggests that criminal behaviour is learned through interaction and can be transmitted through groups of people through communication and a col lection of shared attitudes. This theory also can be used to explain white collar crimes (Lotz, 2005 p.127-131).However this theory does not explain why not all individuals who are influenced by criminal or deviant norms dont become deviant or criminals. This theory can be criticized for its lack of empirical evidence due to interpretive form of inquiry. This theory does take into account the pressure society specifys on individuals to achieve their goals this pressure is explained by Robert Mertons strain theory (Cote, 2002, p.125-130).Robert Mertons strain theory was derived form Emile Durkhiems theory of anomie. This theory looks at the impact society has on individuals. Merton suggests that there is an inequality in the ability for individuals to achieve their goals. This theory suggests that when individuals cannot acquire the means to achieve their goals this can lead to criminal and deviant behaviour. His theory is broken down into five elements as this diagram demonstrates (Lotz, 2005, p.127-131).Conformity is when individuals accept there are means and goals. blueprint is when there is a rejection of the means but the individual still desires the goal, this could result in criminal behaviour.Ritualism is not a rejection of the goals but the individual accepts that they cant reach their goals.Retreatism, individuals want to withdraw from society and are not interested in inquiring the means or reaching their goals.Rebellion, these individuals reject the means and goals but do not withdraw from society but rather wants society to change and become active force of change.This theory has contributed to criminolgy as it focuses on how strain society puts on people, to obtain the means in order to achieve their goals, these pressures Merton calls anomie. This theory gives explanations to why poor people commit crime. It demonstrates that the poor dont have the means they need to achieve their goals (Cote, 2002, p.125-130).There is however criticisms of th is theory this theory does not explain why there is white collar crime. It overlooks the issue that rich people who have the means to achieve their goals still commit crime (Lotz, 2005, p.127-131).In conclusion the Chicago school theories made significant contributions to the study of criminology. The modern structural theories changed our thinking from the idea that crime was caused by individual biological/genetic factors, to the idea that crime was a result of social factors. The Chicago schools social structural theories suggest that crime is a result of external social and cultural factors. Robert Park and Ernest Burgess ecological theory, made a contribution as it demostrated how exteral social factors can influence crime. Shaw and McKay made contributions to criminology by explaining how thease external social factors had an impact on criminal behaviour. Their social disorgniztional theory demonstrates the link between external factors (social disorganization) and crime. Thei r disorganizational theory demostrates what happens if there is a break down of social control in society. They suggest that this beack down leads to disorganization. However this theory does not explain the pressure social control has on individuals. This was the focus of Mertons strain theory Merton was interested in the pressure society put on individuals. Mertons strain theory higlights effects the social forces have on determin crime. The Chicago School also contributed by adopting an interactionists form of inquiry as demostrated in Edwin Sutherlands diffrential associaition theory. This form of inquiry was inspired by the work of simmel and is unique in comparission to the positivist tradittion. The interactionist approach made significant contributions to the way we understand the underlying reasons behind criminal behaviour. This perspective is not intrested in finding the cause of crime but is aim. The Chicago school contributed by using ethnography, this allowed researche rs to get in-depth dilate accounts of the social phenomena they were observing. Ethnographic methods are still used today as they are considered a vital way to gain detailed primary information. Every Chicago school theory has contributed to the way we study criminology some theories may be more relevant than others but all the theories have raised important issues.BibliographyBeccaria, Cesare (1764) On Crimes and Punishments. Translated from the Italian by Richard Davies and Virginia Cox. In On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, change by Richard Bellamy. Cambridge Cambridge University constrict, 1995.Bentham, Jeremy (1789) An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. 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